Raw materials
Physical and physico-chemical methods (Ph.Eur. & USP)
- Clarity and degree of opalescence of liquids
- Identification testing
- Degree of coloration of liquids, including low volume method
- Potentiometric determination of pH, including low volume method
- Relative density
- Refractive index
- Optical rotation
- Viscosity (capillary & rotating)
- Distillation range
- Boiling-, Melting-, Drop-, Freezing point
- Residues testing (Sulphated-, Total ash)
- Titration (amperometric, potentiometric & complexometric)
- Atomic absorption/emission spectrometry
- Light-spectrometry (IR & UV)
- Chromatography (paper, thin layer, gas, liquid & size exclusion, UPLC)
- Electrophoresis (NU-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, CE)
- Loss on drying and water determination (coulometry, Karl Fisher)
- Osmolality
- Conductivity
- Density of solids
- Total organic carbon
- Limit tests
- Assays (acid-, ester-, hydroxyl-, iodine-, peroxide-, saponification values)
- Assays (titrations, HPLC, UPLC)
- Impurities (residual solvents, Ethylene oxide & dioxan, HPLC, UPLC-MS)
Microbiological methods (Ph.Eur. & USP)
- Bioburden, TAMC, TYMC
- Absence of specific micro-organisms
- Preservative efficacy testing
- Microbiological assay of antibiotics
- Endotoxine testing (gel clot, kinetic methods)
- Sterility testing
- Particle counting